Personal communication (8.9 APA Publication Manual)
- Personal communications include emails, phone interviews, text messages, direct messages, live speeches, etc.
- Personal communications are considered not recoverable sources and are cited in text only. Do not add to your Reference list.
- For citing Indigenous Oral Traditions see the Citing Indigenous Knowledge page in this guide.
Reference
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No Reference list entry required
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In-text
Example
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In an interview, J.S. Smith (personal communication, July 25, 2015) mentioned...
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